Ma, Basho, Aida: Three Japanese Concepts of Space at the Age of Globalization (Thorsten Botz-Bornstein)

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 "As the title of this chapter suggests, three Japanese concepts will be examined against the background of a relatively recent phenomenon that has come to dominate contemporary culture: “globalization.” The term often denotes the growing uniformization of culture through the worldwide standardization of economic, political, and aesthetic conditions. This standardization also extends to the production of space. Yet any discussion of space in relation to globalization must take into account an additional dimension. A “globalized world” is created not only through the homogenization of building materials, aesthetic forms, functional modes, and the like, but also through the increasingly prevalent “virtualization” of human environments enabled by computer technologies. This virtualization does not initially refer to the creation of computer-generated “virtual reality.”"

Thorsten Botz-Bornstein ; Ma, Basho, Aida: Three Japanese Concepts of Space at the Age of Globalization (2025)